Cdc’s diagnostic multiplex assay for flu and covid-19 at public health laboratories and supplies
Содержание:
- ПОДДЕРЖИВАЮЩАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ ПРИ COVID-19
- Animals that can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19
- References
- Clinical presentation and disease severity
- Guidance and recommendations
- Infection prevention and control
- Materials included in the assay
- Description of indicators
- Интенсивная терапия у взрослых с COVID-19. Рекомендации ESICM
- Prevention of COVID-19
- How to order the Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-PCR Diagnostic Panel
- Key considerations
- Эпидемиология
- Table. Framework for provision of non-COVID-19 health care during the COVID-19 pandemic, by potential for patient harm and degree of community transmission
- Смертность и сопутствующая патология при коронавирусной инфекции
- Stay healthy during the COVID-19 pandemic
- Specimen Types
- Contingency Capacity Strategies
- COVID-19: Ведение и лечение больных. Рекомендации SIMIT (март 2020)
- Лопинавир + Ритонавир (Lopinavir + Ritonavir)
- Conventional Capacity Strategies
- What to Do If You Are Sick
- CDC indicators and thresholds for risk of introduction and transmission of COVID-19 in schools
- COVID-19 Testing
- Ordering Supplies (For Clinical Laboratories)
- Application and interpretation of indicators
- Sharing our knowledge
- Risk of animals spreading SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, to people
- COVID-19 can sometimes be spread by airborne transmission
- Routes of transmission
- Spreading the word
- COVID-19 and nutrition for health
- Protect yourself and others
- Research on animals and COVID-19
- References
- Bulk meat, poultry, and seafood purchasing and handling
ПОДДЕРЖИВАЮЩАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ ПРИ COVID-19
Имеющиеся данные дают основания полагать, что стероидная терапия не дает преимуществ с точки зрения клинического исхода при лечении коронавирусной инфекции, и может оказать обратный эффект – замедление выведения вируса. При этом, у больных с острым респираторным дистресс-синдромом, не инфицированных коронавирусом, отмечается положительное влияние при введении низких доз Дексаметазона в течение ограниченного периода (10 дней) и позволяет снизить смертность. Учитывая косвенность имеющихся доказательств, клиницисты считают необходимым целесообразность изучения вопроса использования Дексаметазона при остром респираторном дистресс-синдроме по показаниям интенсивности.
Доказано, что неинвазивная вентиляция легких при лечении пневмонии, обусловленной коронавирусной инфекцией, обуславливает ухудшение течения патологии. Поэтому Всемирная организация здравоохранения рекомендует, по мере возможности, избегать неинвазивную вентиляцию легких, а использовать раннюю эндотрахеальную интубацию (см статью «COVID-19: Восстановление проходимости дыхательных путей. Эндотрахеальная Интубация»). В случае необходимости проведения неинвазивной вентиляции легких, процедура должна выполняться в отделении интенсивной терапии.
Animals that can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19
References
- Arons MM, Hatfield KM, Reddy SC, Kimball A, James A, Jacobs JR, et al. Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections and transmission in a skilled nursing facility. N Engl J Med 2020 May 28;382(22):2081-2090. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2008457.
- Bullard J, Durst K, Funk D, Strong JE, Alexander D, Garnett L et al. Predicting Infectious SARS-CoV-2 From Diagnostic Samples. Clin Infect Dis 2020 May 22. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa638.
- Cheng HW, Jian SW, Liu DP, Ng TC, Huang WT, Lin HH, et al. Contact Tracing Assessment of COVID-19 Transmission Dynamics in Taiwan and Risk at Different Exposure Periods Before and After Symptom Onset. JAMA Intern Med 2020 May 1; doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2020.
- Li N, Wang X, Lv T. Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA Shedding: Not a Rare Phenomenon. J Med Virol 2020 Apr 29. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25952.
- Liu WD, Chang SY, Wang JT, Tsai MJ, Hung CC, Hsu CL, et al. Prolonged Virus Shedding Even After Seroconversion in a Patient With COVID-19. J Infect 2020 Apr 10;S0163-4453(20)30190-0. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.063
- Midgley CM, Kujawski SA, Wong KK, Collins, JP, Epstein L, Killerby ME et al. (2020). Clinical and Virologic Characteristics of the First 12 Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States. Nat Med 2020 Jun;26(6):861-868. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0877-5.
- van Kampen J, van de Vijver D, Fraaij P, Haagmans B, Lamers M, Okba N, et al. Shedding of infectious virus in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): duration and key determinants. (Preprint) Medrxiv. 2020. Available at: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.20125310v1external icon doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.08.20125310
- Wölfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, Seilmaier M, Zange S, Müller MA, et al. (2020). Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature 2020 May;581(7809):465-469. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x
- Xiao F, Sun J, Xu Y, Li F, Huang X, Li H, et al. Infectious SARS-CoV-2 in Feces of Patient with Severe COVID-19. Emerg Infect Dis 2020;26(8):10.3201/eid2608.200681. doi:10.3201/eid2608.200681
- Young BE, Ong SWX, Kalimuddin S, Low JG, Ta, SY, Loh J, et al. Epidemiologic Features and Clinical Course of Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore. JAMA 2020 Mar 3;323(15):1488-1494. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3204
- Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, Hong Z, et al. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients. N Engl J Med, 382(12), 1177-1179. doi:10.1056/NEJMc200173
Clinical presentation and disease severity
Guidance and recommendations
- Interim Guidance for Public Health Professionals Managing People with COVID-19 in Home Care and Isolation Who Have Pets or Other Animals
- Interim recommendations for intake of companion animals from households where humans with COVID-19 are presentexternal iconexternal icon
- Interim Infection Prevention and Control Guidance for Veterinary Clinics
- Evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 Testing in Animals
- Interim Guidance for SARS-CoV-2 Testing in North American Wildlife
- Toolkit: One Health Approach to Address Companion Animals with SARS-CoV-2
- COVID-19 Recommendations for Pet Stores, Pet Distributors, and Pet Breeding Facilities
- Interim SARS-CoV-2 Guidance and Recommendations for Farmed Mink and Other Mustelidspdf iconexternal icon
- Response & Containment Guidelines: Interim Guidance for Animal Health and Public Health Officials Managing Farmed Mink and other Farmed Mustelids with SARS-CoV-2pdf iconexternal icon
More Information
- COVID-19 and Pets
- Information on Bringing an Animal into the United States
- World Organisation for Animal Health: COVID-19 Events in Animalsexternal icon
- USDA: Confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 in Animals in the United Statesexternal icon
- USDA: Coronavirus Disease 2019external iconexternal icon
- FDA: Coronavirus Disease 2019external iconexternal icon
Media Announcements
- Confirmation of COVID-19 in a Snow Leopard at a Kentucky Zooexternal icon
- USDA Confirms SARS-CoV-2 in Mink in Utahexternal icon
- Confirmation of COVID-19 in Pet Dog in New Yorkexternal icon
- Confirmation of COVID-19 in Two Pet Cats in New York
- USDA Statement on the Confirmation of COVID-19 Infection in a Tiger in New Yorkexternal icon
Infection prevention and control
Materials included in the assay
Description of indicators
Интенсивная терапия у взрослых с COVID-19. Рекомендации ESICM
Prevention of COVID-19
There is currently no vaccine to prevent COVID‑19. The best way to prevent infection is to take steps to avoid exposure to this virus, which are similar to the steps you take to avoid the flu.
- Wash hands with soap and water.
- Wear a face covering.
- Cover coughs and sneezes.
- Avoid touching face.
- Disinfect often touched surfaces.
- Stay 6 feet apart.
Hand-Washing Video (YouTube)Hand Sanitizer Video (YouTube)
Third-party videos may not have closed captioning. Alternatively, you can download or print the DSHS Hand-Washing flyer: English | Spanish
- Wash hands often for 20 seconds and encourage others to do the same. Use hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol if soap and water are unavailable.
- Wear a cloth face covering in public and during large gatherings.
- Cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue, then throw the tissue away.
- Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands.
- Disinfect surfaces, buttons, handles, knobs, and other places touched often.
- Stay six feet apart from others.
- Avoid close contact with people who are sick.
DSHS recommends that you practice social distancing. Social distancing involves staying away from other people to avoid catching or spreading illness. It’s a fancy term for avoiding crowds and minimizing physical contact. This could mean avoiding concerts or weddings, skipping the handshake, and/or staying at least six feet away from others.
Additionally, DSHS and the CDC recommend using simple cloth face coverings in public to help slow the spread of the virus:Use of Cloth Face Coverings (CDC)
See also the CDC website for more information on what you can do at home to prevent the spread of COVID‑19:Get Your Home Ready (CDC) Running Essential Errands (CDC) Prevent Getting Sick (CDC) Social Distancing (CDC) Quarantine (CDC) Isolation (CDC)
How to order the Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-PCR Diagnostic Panel
Key considerations
- Be prepared to rapidly detect and respond to an increase of COVID-19 cases in the community.
- Stay informed. Consult regularly with your state or local health department for region-specific information and recommendations. Monitor trends in local case counts and deaths, especially for populations at higher risk for severe illness.
- Before expanding to provide elective services, healthcare systems must operate without crisis standards of careexternal icon. Ensure adequate HCP staffing and bed capacity, availability of personal protective equipment and other supplies, and access to other important tools to respond to a surge in cases if needed. Learn how healthcare systems can operate effectively during the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Provide care in the safest way possible.
- Optimize telehealth services, when available and appropriate, to minimize the need for in-person services.
- Follow recommended infection control practices to prevent transmission of infectious agents, including screening all patients for COVID-19 signs and symptoms, universal source control, and infection control practices specific to COVID-19. Be familiar with COVID-19 healthcare infection prevention and control recommendations specific to your setting.
- Consider that services may need to expand gradually.
- Make decisions for expanding necessary care based on the local epidemiology and in concert with recommendations from state and local officials.
- Prioritize services that, if deferred, are most likely to result in patient harm.
- Prioritize at-risk populations who would benefit most from those services (for example, those with serious underlying health conditions, those most at-risk for complications from delayed care, or those without access to telehealth).
The following table provides a framework for considering some of these factors. The examples are not exhaustive; decisions that healthcare systems ultimately make may depend on local factors not addressed in this table.
Эпидемиология
Данные, предоставленные отчетом ВОЗ по чрезвычайным ситуациям в области здравоохранения, рассказывают о 8 525 042 подтвержденных случаях COVID-19, включая 456 973 смертельных случая (по состоянию на 13:38 CEST, 20 июня 2020 г.).
На сегодняшний день случаи болезни обнаруживались в 215 странах:
- Европе – более 2 509 750;
- Америке – 4 163 813;
- Восточном Средиземноморье – более 878 428;
- Западной части Тихого океана – 203 490;
- Юго-Восточной Азии – 206 200;
- Африке – 208 000 человек.
Максимум смертельных исходов были зарегистрированы в США (121 130), за которыми следуют Бразилия (49 156) и Великобритания (42 589).
Последние сведения эпидемиологии этой пандемии можно найти в следующих источниках:
- Ситуационный совет ВОЗ по новому коронавирусу (COVID-19).
- Центр системных наук и инженерии Джонса Хопкинса, посвященный глобальным случаям коронавируса COVID-19, использующий открытые источники для отслеживания распространения эпидемии.
Table. Framework for provision of non-COVID-19 health care during the COVID-19 pandemic, by potential for patient harm and degree of community transmission
| Potential for patient harm | Examples | Substantial community transmissionLarge scale community transmission, including communal settings (e.g., schools, workplaces) | Minimal to moderate community transmissionSustained transmission with high likelihood or confirmed exposure within communal settings and potential for rapid increase in cases | No to minimal community transmissionEvidence of isolated cases or limited community transmission, case investigations underway; no evidence of exposure in large communal setting |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Highly likely Deferral of in-person care highly likely to result in patient harm |
|
Provide care without delay; consider if feasible to shift care to facilities less heavily affected by COVID-19. | Provide care without delay; consider if your facility can provide the patient’s care, rather than transferring them to a facility less affected by COVID-19. | Provide care without delay while resuming regular care practices. |
|
Less likely Deferral of in-person care may result in patient harm |
|
If care cannot be delivered remotely, arrange for in-person care as soon as feasible with priority for at-risk* populations. Utilize telehealth if appropriate. | If care cannot be delivered remotely, work towards expanding in-person care to all patients in this category. Utilize telehealth if appropriate. | Resume regular care practices while continuing to utilize telehealth if appropriate. |
|
Unlikely Deferral of in-person care unlikely to result in patient harm |
|
If care cannot be delivered remotely, consider deferring until community transmission decreases. Utilize telehealth if appropriate. | If care cannot be delivered remotely, work towards expanding in-person care as needed with priority for at-risk* populations and those whose care, if continually deferred, would more likely result in patient harm. Utilize telehealth if appropriate. | Resume regular care practices while continuing to utilize telehealth if appropriate. |
Смертность и сопутствующая патология при коронавирусной инфекции
Центр по контролю и профилактике заболеваний Китая (China CDC), в дополнение к другим более незначительным сообщениям из города Ухань в Китае, опубликовал наиболее обширную статистику по COVID-19, обновленную 11 февраля 2020 года. Документ указывает на 44 672 выявленных случаев инфицирования коронавирусной инфекцией в Ухане. Большинство инфицированных были в возрасте от 30 до 79 лет (87%), в крайних возрастных группах отмечался минимальный показатель инфицирования: у детей от 1 до 9 лет – менее 1 %; у лиц старше 80 лет – 3%). При этом общий показатель летальности составил 2,3% (из 44 672 зарегистрировано 1023 смертельных случаев).
Stay healthy during the COVID-19 pandemic
Specimen Types
Contingency Capacity Strategies
COVID-19: Ведение и лечение больных. Рекомендации SIMIT (март 2020)
Статья |
17-03-2020, 18:12
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КоронавирусSIMIT (Итальянское Общество Инфекционных и Тропических болезней) в марте 2020 года представило руководство по лечению и поддерживающей терапии пациентов с коронавирусной инфекцией COVID-19, необходимость разработки которого было обусловлено эпидемией COVID-19 (коронавируса) в Италии, начавшейся феврале 2020 года. Разработка протокола лечения основана на данных литературы, опыта клиницистов, а также имеющихся данных исследований.
На сегодняшний день нет медицинского препарата для лечения коронавируса. В настоящее время проводятся испытания некоторых противовирусных препаратов, которые уже показали свою эффективность лечения коронавирусной инфекции как in vitro, так и на исследованиях на животных, а также в беспристрастных исследованиях. Также оказался полезным опыт применения вирусных агентов в отношении инфекции, которая относится к семейству β-коронавирусов (в частности вирусов-возбудителей SARS и MERS ).
Тяжелая чрезвычайная ситуация, вызванная эпидемией COVID-19, позволила клиницистам использовать противовирусные препараты, несмотря на отсутствия необходимой доказательной базы.
Лопинавир – антиретровирусный препарат II поколения, ингибирующий вирусную протеазу ВИЧ. В комбинации с Ритонавиров, который является противовирусным препаратом и назначается в низких дозировках с целью потенцирования эффекта Лопинавира, у ВИЧ-инфицированных больных, при СПИДе, отмечается улучшение состояния, а также снижается показатель смертности.
На основании опыта лечения SARS COV, при котором использовали Лопинавир + Ритонавир в комбинации с Рибавирином (Ribavirin), специалисты полагают, что эта комбинация является перспективным средством для терапии коронавирусной инфекции (однако, клинические данные об использовании этих препаратов ограничены, несмотря на постоянное их увеличение в последние месяцы).
Утверждение о клинической эффективности Лопинавир + Ритонавира основано на поступающих данных. Аналогично, случайно собранная информация показывает, что применение Лопинавир + Ритонавира позволяет снизить вирусную нагрузку COVID-19 в довольно короткие сроки.
В данный момент ученые проводят рандомизированное контролируемое клиническое исследование MIRACLE, в котором проверяется терапевтический эффект комбинации Лопинавир + Ритонавир + Интерферон-β-1b (Interferon-β-1b) у больных с MERS-CoV (Ближневосточный респираторный синдром).
Conventional Capacity Strategies
What to Do If You Are Sick
CDC indicators and thresholds for risk of introduction and transmission of COVID-19 in schools
| Indicators | Lowest risk of transmission in schools |
Lower risk of transmission in schools |
Moderate risk of transmission in schools |
Higher risk of transmission in schools |
Highest risk of transmission in schools |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Core Indicators | |||||
| Number of new cases per 100,000 persons within the last 14 days* | <5 | 5 to <20 | 20 to <50 | 50 to ≤ 200 | >200 |
| Percentage of RT-PCR tests that are positive during the last 14 days** | <3% | 3% to <5% | 5% to <8% | 8% to ≤ 10% | >10% |
Ability of the school to implement 5 key mitigation strategies:
Schools should adopt the additional mitigation measures outlined below to the extent possible, practical and feasible. |
Implementedall 5 strategies correctly and consistently |
Implementedall 5 strategies correctly but inconsistently |
Implemented 3-4 strategies correctly and consistently | Implemented 1-2 strategies correctly and consistently | Implemented no strategies |
| Secondary Indicators | |||||
| Percent change in new cases per 100,000 population during the last 7 days compared with the previous 7 days (negative values indicate improving trends) | <-10% | -10% to <-5% | -5% to <0% | 0% to ≤ 10% | >10% |
| Percentage of hospital inpatient beds in the community that are occupied*** | <80% | <80% | 80 to 90% | >90% | >90% |
| Percentage of intensive care unit beds in the community that are occupied*** | <80% | <80% | 80 to 90% | >90% | >90% |
| Percentage of hospital inpatient beds in the community that are occupied by patients with COVID-19*** | <5% | 5% to <10% | 10% to 15% | >15% | >15% |
| Existence of localized community/public setting COVID-19 outbreak**** | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
*Number of new cases per 100,000 persons within the last 14 days is calculated by adding the number of new cases in the county (or other community type) in the last 14 days divided by the population in the county (or other community type) and multiplying by 100,000.
**Percentage of RT-PCR tests in the community (e.g., county) that are positive during the last 14 days is calculated by dividing the number of positive tests over the last 14 days by the total number of tests resulted over the last 14 days. Diagnostic tests are viral (RT-PCR) diagnostic and screening laboratory tests (excludes antibody testing and RT-PCR testing for surveillance purposes). Learn more on the Calculating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Laboratory Test Percent Positivity: CDC Methods and Considerations for Comparisons and Interpretation webpage.
***Hospital beds and ICU beds occupied: These indicators are proxies for underlying community burden and the ability of the local healthcare system to support additional people with severe illness, including those with COVID-19. A community can be defined at the city, county or metro area level; federal analyses of hospital utilization rates within a community are typically conducted at the core-based statistical area (e.g., by metropolitan or micropolitan status).
**** Sudden increase in the number of COVID-19 cases in a localized community or geographic area as determined by the local and state health department.
COVID-19 Testing
Your doctor will help make the decision if you should get tested for COVID‑19.
If you do not have health insurance, you can still get tested for COVID‑19 if your doctor or healthcare provider recommends it.
For information about testing, you just need to call your doctor and/or access care the way you usually do. If you need help finding a doctor or accessing medical care, call 2‑1‑1 and they can direct you to low- or no-cost providers in your area.
People can get tested for COVID‑19 at public testing sites or drive‑thru locations in certain parts of Texas.
For an explanation of the different types of tests for COVID-19, see COVID-19 Testing Explained (PDF, V.3.0, updated 10/08/2020).
To learn more about types of testing, see also the CDC website:
- Test for Current Infection (CDC)
- Test for Past Infection (CDC)
Ordering Supplies (For Clinical Laboratories)
Application and interpretation of indicators
Each indicator or combination of indicators should neither be used in isolation nor should they be viewed as hard cut-offs by STLT officials and school district decision-makers. Rather, they serve as broad guideposts of inherent risk to inform decision-making.
If, after applying the core indicators described in the table below, a school is at “medium,” “higher,” or “highest” risk of transmission, it does not mean that the school cannot re-open for in-person learning, but that the risk of introduction and subsequent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is higher and the school could consider alternative learning models (e.g., mix of in-person and virtual learning, also known as hybrid learning, or virtual-only).
Similarly, if a school meets all core indicators and many secondary indicators, a case or cases of COVID-19 may still occur in a school among students, teachers, administrators, and other staff. As a result, falling into the category of being at “lower” or “lowest” risk of transmission does not mean that the school should relax adherence to mitigation measures.
Officials should frequently monitor these indicators and adjust accordingly.
While risk of introduction and subsequent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a school may be lower when indicators of community spread are lower, this risk is dependent upon the implementation of school and community mitigation strategies. If community transmission is low but school and community mitigation strategies are not implemented, then the risk of introduction and subsequent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a school will increase. Alternately, if community transmission is high, but school and community mitigation strategies are implemented and strictly followed as recommended, then the risk of introduction and subsequent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a school will decrease.
Regardless of the level of risk, as determined by the indicators, it is critical that schools use multiple mitigation strategies including consistent and correct use of masks, social distancing to the extent possible, hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette, cleaning and disinfection, and contact tracing to help prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
Vigilance to mitigation strategies within schools and the broader community will reduce the risk of introduction and subsequent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in schools. This will enable schools that are open for in-person learning to stay open and accelerate the timeline of returning to full in-person learning by schools that began the school year using hybrid or virtual learning. The application and utility of these indicators are inextricably linked to schools and communities both following recommended mitigation strategies together.
By rigorously following mitigation strategies, current and future risk of introduction and subsequent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in schools can diminish over time regardless of baseline indicators – with risk of spread especially low when community transmission is low to begin with.
Sharing our knowledge
Risk of animals spreading SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, to people
Some coronaviruses that infect animals can be spread to people and then spread between people, but this is rare. This is what happened with SARS-CoV-2, which likely originated in bats. The first reported infections were linked to a live animal market, but the virus is now spreading from person to person.
SARS-CoV-2 spreads mainly from person to person through respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing, and talking. At this time, there is no evidence that animals play a significant role in spreading the virus that causes COVID-19. Based on the limited information available to date, the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is considered to be low. More studies are needed to understand if and how different animals could be affected by COVID-19.
COVID-19 can sometimes be spread by airborne transmission
- Some infections can be spread by exposure to virus in small droplets and particles that can linger in the air for minutes to hours. These viruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left the space.
- This kind of spread is referred to as airborne transmission and is an important way that infections like tuberculosis, measles, and chicken pox are spread.
- There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away. These transmissions occurred within enclosed spaces that had inadequate ventilation. Sometimes the infected person was breathing heavily, for example while singing or exercising.
- Available data indicate that it is much more common for the virus that causes COVID-19 to spread through close contact with a person who has COVID-19 than through airborne transmission.
Routes of transmission
Spreading the word
CDC has published a variety of communications resources that state and local governments and community organizations can use to support their own response to the pandemic. They include:
- Video messages from CDC scientists and others, including Academy Award Recipient Wes Studi (The Last of the Mohicans, Avatar).
- Audio public service announcements (PSAs) that can air on radio stations or in airports.
- A collection of more than 3 dozen flyers and posters developed to support COVID-19 recommendations, which can be downloaded for free and printed on a standard office or commercial printers.
- A social media toolkit of graphics and suggested messages to help communities spread their messages about COVID-19. All content on this page is in the public domain and free for anyone to use.
COVID-19 and nutrition for health
Protect yourself and others
The best way to prevent illness is to avoid being exposed to this virus. You can take steps to slow the spread.
- Stay at least 6 feet away from others, whenever possible. This is very important in preventing the spread of COVID-19.
- Cover your mouth and nose with a mask when around others. This helps reduce the risk of spread both by close contact and by airborne transmission.
- Wash your hands often with soap and water. If soap and water are not available, use a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.
Avoid crowded indoor spaces and ensure indoor spaces are properly ventilated by bringing in outdoor air as much as possible. In general, being outdoors and in spaces with good ventilation reduces the risk of exposure to infectious respiratory droplets.
- Stay home and isolate from others when sick.
- Routinely clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces and take other steps to stop the spread at home.
Pandemics can be stressful, especially when you are staying away from others. During this time, it’s important to .
Learn more about what you can do to protect yourself and others.
1Pathogens that are spread easily through airborne transmission require the use of special engineering controls to prevent infections. Control practices, including recommendations for patient placement and personal protective equipment for health care personnel in healthcare settings, can be found in Section 2 of Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Healthcare Personnel During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
More Information
Scientific Brief: SARS-CoV-2 and Potential Airborne TransmissionASL Video Series: How does COVID-19 Spread?
Research on animals and COVID-19
Many studies have been done to learn more about how this virus can affect different animals.
- Recent experimental research shows that cats, dogs, ferrets, fruit bats, hamsters, and tree shrews can become infected with the virus. Cats, ferrets, fruit bats, and hamsters can also spread the infection to other animals of the same species in laboratory settings.
- Data from studies suggest that dogs can get infected but might not spread the virus to other dogs as easily as cats and ferrets can spread the virus to other animals of the same species.
- A number of studies have investigated non-human primates as models for human infection. Rhesus macaques, cynomolgus macaques, grivets, and common marmosets can become infected with SARS-CoV-2 and become sick in a laboratory setting.
- Laboratory mice, pigs, chickens, and ducks do not seem to become infected or spread the infection based on results from studies.
These findings were based on a small number of animals, and do not show whether animals can spread infection to people. More studies are needed to understand if and how different animals could be affected by COVID-19.
CDC, USDA, state public health and animal health officials, and academic partners are working in some states to conduct active surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in pets, including cats, dogs, and other small mammals, that had contact with a person with COVID-19. These animals are being tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection and also tested to see whether the pet develops antibodies to this virus. This work is being done to help us better understand how common SARS-CoV-2 infection might be in pets as well as the possible role of pets in the spread of this virus.
References
- De Filippo O, D’Ascenzo F, Angelini F, et al. Reduced rate of hospital admissions for ACS during Covid-19 outbreak in Northern Italy. N Eng J Med. 2020 Apr 28. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2009166.
- Guo H, Zhou Y, Liu X, Tan J. The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the utilization of emergency dental services. J Dent Sci. 2020 Mar 16. doi:10.1016/j.jds.2020.02.002.
- Metzler B, Siostrzonek P, Binder RK, et al. Decline of acute coronary syndrome admissions in Austria since the outbreak of COVID-19: The pandemic response causes cardiac collateral damage. Eur Heart J. 2020 Apr 16. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa314.
